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To understand complex objects, humans are known to mentally transform them and represent them as a combination of simpler elements. This ability, known as compositionality, was so far assumed to require fluency in language, thus emerging in childhood after humans have learned to speak and understand others, reports Medical Xpress.
Researchers at Aix-Marseille University-CNRS and PSL University École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales-CNRS recently explored the possibility that compositionality is based on simple processes and might therefore already be present in infants. Their paper, published in Communications Psychology, provides evidence that infants as young as 1-year-old already possess basic compositional abilities.
Infants who took part in the team's experiment were shown videos of an actress who reached for an object and then made a facial expression expressing negation (i.e., "not-face"). Interestingly, the researchers found that 12-month-old infants looked longer at the actress when she was making the "not-face," which suggests that they understood the meaning of the facial expression and thus had basic compositional abilities.
In their three experiments, Dautriche and Chemla gathered evidence that infants can correctly compose simple noun-verb sentences at approximately 14 months of age, can understand compositional facial expressions (i.e., a negation expressed through a facial expression) at one year of age, and can make basic mental physical transformations when they are 10 months old.
Collectively, their findings suggest that compositionality can emerge before humans learn to speak, indicating it could be based on simpler processes than previously anticipated.